Reservoirs East of the Hudson River

New York City gets it water from a variety of sources. Some of it comes from a series of reservoirs and lakes north of the city.

History of the Water Systems

As the population of New York City grew in the 19th century, so did the need for water. The first use of water from Westchester County came from the old Croton Dam (forming what was called Croton Lake), which was completed in 1842. In the 1880s, the City faced increasing demands for water and therefore needed to enlarge the Croton Reservoir to meet that need. 

The enlargement of the Croton Reservoir (with the construction of the New Croton Dam  and the forming of the New Croton Reservoir) was completed in 1906 as a part of a system of reservoirs designed to bring water from Putnam and Westchester Counties (the Croton Watershed) to New York City. It is called the New Croton Reservoir because the Croton Reservoir was actually the name of a made made reservoir right in the heart of Manhattan - Link.

Cross River Reservoir

The Cross River Reservoir was  put into service in 1908. The resulting body of water is one of twelve reservoirs in the Croton Watershed, the southernmost of New York City's watersheds.

Titicus Reservoir

The Titicus Dam was constructed between 1890 and 1895 and the reservoir was placed into service in 1893.

The Croton River

As you can see from this 1858 map, what is now inundated with large large bodies of water was just a simple river system back in the mid 19th Century,

The Croton Reservoirs today...

Muscoot Reservoir

The reservoir was completed in 1905 and serves as the main collecting point for all the reservoirs in the Croton Watershed (except for the New Croton Reservoir, which later receives its water).

New Croton Reservoir

The New Croton Reservoir is the collecting point for water from all reservoirs in the Croton Watershed. In 1842 the Croton River, a tributary of the Hudson River, was impounded by the Old Croton Dam to create Croton Lake. It was New York City's first source of water beyond its city limits and its waters traveled by aqueduct to the Croton Distributing Reservoir in midtown Manhattan.

In 1905 the New Croton Dam was completed, expanding the existing area of impounded water.

Further Info

• Cross River Reservoir
• Muscoot Reservoir
• New Croton Reservoir
• Titicus Reservoir
• New York City water supply system

Hidden Crater in the Catskills

Did you know about the "crater" in the Catskills?

The circular pattern made by the two creeks surrounding Panther Mountain suggest that it might have a different origin from other Catskill peaks. In the early 1970s, a geologist of the New York State Geological Survey at the New York State Museum in Albany wondered if the stream pattern indicated an impact crater buried beneath the surface.

The impact is estimated to have occurred 375 million years ago, during the Devonian period, when much of what is now the Catskills was either river delta or a shallow sea. The crater lies 2,640 feet below the surface, is 6 miles wide, and lies directly under the mountain. The meteorite that struck is believed to have been roughly one-half mile  wide, striking with a force equivalent to 11 trillion tons of TNT. -Wikipedia

Further Info

• Map >
• Panther Mountain circular structure >

Is the U.S. Better Off As A Bunch Of Separate Countries?

Food For Thought

• Should the U.S.A. have a "velvet divorce,” (a reference to the 1993.peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia — now the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic)
• Has the U.S. has run its course and need breaking up?

Article >

Mapping America's Loneliest Roads

Fascinating Study

A study which crunched 2015 annual average traffic data from the Highway Performance Monitoring System to find the least traveled roads in each state, and in all of America is now online as interactive map.

Interactive Map > 

The Soviet Military Secretly Mapped the Entire World

Interesting article!

In the early 2000s, a shop in Riga, Latvia’s capital held bundles of Cold War-era maps of British cities, created by the Soviet military

The Russian maps were supposed to be destroyed after the fall of the Soviet Union, but some officers, seeing an opportunity for profit, sold them. They have never been officially declassified. “Russians won’t talk about them, the people who created them will hold their secrets to the grave.”

Central Park, NYC

Article >

How Human Activity Is Changing Animal Migration Patterns

Humans have long tracked the movements of animals by following their paw prints or staking out their natural habitats. That kind of observation still has its value today, but now biologists also benefit from a slew of satellite, radio, and GPS technologies that can track the digital footprints of, say, a herd of elephants or a flock of storks as they move across the globe. And at a time when both climate change and urban development are changing—and disrupting—the migration routes, there’s a new urgency in these kinds of research.

In southern California, mountain lions are in decline in part because of the expansive freeways that crisscross the state. When researchers tagged a sample of lions in Santa Ana with GPS devices, they found their natural habitats divided by as many as eight lanes of traffic, as well as houses, golf courses, and other private developments.

Despite proposals to build animal crossings after the fact, over- and underpasses have proven ineffective; they’re rarely used by the big cats. The risks go farther than just ending up as roadkill. The roads themselves become cages for mountain lion populations, isolating various groups and resulting in higher rates of inbreeding. This threatens their growth and survival as a whole.

Full article at Map Lab:

How Human Activity Is Changing Animal Migration Patterns

Its a fascinating read...

Native American History - New York State

Being equally fascinated with historical maps AND Native American history in upstate New York where I grew up - this post is a result of online research. There is a wealth of materials out there if you look :-)

Click on any Map for an enlargement and better yet, go to the link provided to see the the full version where you can zoom in and pan

-Part One-

New York State Library - Native American Materials
The New York State Library holds a wealth of first hand descriptions of the Native American experience in New York. These resources span four centuries, beginning with the Dutch colony of New Netherland and continuing to the close of the American frontier in western New York and beyond. Original manuscripts and maps serve as lenses through which cultural and historical interpretations can be made.

The Five Nations - 1747
A map of the country of the Five Nations belonging to the Province of New York, and of the lakes near which the nations of far Indians live, with part of Canada.
Created By: Bradford, William, 1663-1752
http://purl.nysed.gov/nysl/51719615

Six Nations and New York Province - 1771
Copied from the original map drawn by Guy Johnson in 1771, this map was printed in The Documentary History of the New York by E. B. O'Callaghan, volume 4, page 661.
Created: 1851
Guy Johnson came to American in 1756 and was the Irish-born nephew, son-in-law and protégé of Sir William Johnson. He became a deputy to Sir William Johnson in his uncle's position as British Superintendent of Indian Affairs and succeeded him when William died in 1774.

Iroquois Cantons Map - 1747
Map indicating "sites of Indian Village and Jesuit missions, in the 17th and 18th centuries, in relation to modern towns.
Created By: Beauchamp, William Martin, 1830-1925
http://purl.nysed.gov/nysl/44687294

Indian Trails in New York State - 1755
Map showing trails, portages and settlements from Albany to Niagara during Sir William Johnson's tenure as "Sole Superintendent of the Affairs of the Six United Nations, their Allies and Dependents" which he held from 1755 until his death in 1774.
Created by: Mitchell, Louis (based on the papers of Sir William Johnson, outline of trails furnished by W.M. Beauchamp)
http://purl.nysed.gov/nysl/44714090

-Part Two-

Historical Maps from the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection...

Indian Reservations in the Northeast (1840)

Published in 1932 by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, American Geographical Society of New York

David Rumsey Historical Map Collection

Indian Territory - Published 1836

Map of the Indian Tribes of North America about 1600 A.D. along the Atlantic and about 1800 A.D. westwardly. 

David Rumsey Historical Map Collection

Patents NY State showing Indian Reservations - 1895

David Rumsey Historical Map Collection

1763 - Map of Colonial Possessions (published in French)

"Possessions Angloises & Francoises du Continent de l'Amerique Septentrionale"

David Rumsey Historical Map Collection

-Part Three-

Magdalen Island - NY Times

Plundered in Search of Indian Artifacts

For more than 3,000 years, this alluring isle of stone in the Hudson River north of present-day Kingston has beckoned strangers.  Native Americans took shelter in a west-facing sandstone rock shelter and pulled mounds of shellfish from the river.

Location - Google Maps

Strangers still come to Magdalen, but now they arrive with shovel in hand to dig up arrowheads and other prehistoric artifacts illegally. Because Magdalen is half a mile from the Dutchess County shore, they work undetected and largely undisturbed. The quarter-mile-long island is so pockmarked with looters’ holes that parts look more like a bombing range than a state-owned parcel of land listed on the national and state registers of historic places.

Did you know about Kinaquariones?
Site of archaic Algonkian village. and old trail

Historic Marker

Ganondagan
Location of the largest Seneca village of the 17th century, Ganondagan is now a State Historic Site.

• Ganondagan State Historic Site (Wikipedia)
• Ganondagan Official Site

By Dmadeo - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,

Kanatsiohareke

Kanatsiohareke is a small Mohawk community on the north bank of the Mohawk River, west of Fonda, New York. The name means "The clean pots” or “Place of the washed pail”.

• Kanatsiohareke (Wikipedia)
• Kanatsiohareke Official Site
  Want to learn the Mohawk Language? Click on the Language Link - classes are offered!

Ganienkeh
Ganienkeh (meaning Land of the Flint Mohawk), is a Mohawk community located on about 600 acres near Altona, New York in the far northeast corner of Upper New York State. Established by an occupation of militants in the late 1970s, it is a rare case in which an indigenous people reclaiming land from the United States "succeeded".

Kahnawà:ke 
Kahnawà:ke is one of eight territories that make up the Kanien’kehá:ka (Mohawk) Nation. The Mohawk Nation is a member of the Haudenosaunee or People of the Longhouse
Six Nation Iroquois Confederacy.
History & Culture

Further Info

16th Century Iroquois Sites in Upstate New York

Native American Study
NA sad saga of deceit by U.S. government replete with colorful maps of Native North American Languages and the Trail of Tears.